Pigmentation Spots: Causes and Treatments for Uneven Skin Tone

Pigmentation spots (hyperpigmentation) are darkened areas of skin caused by excess melanin production. They are extremely common and can result from sun exposure, hormonal changes, inflammation or injury. Understanding the type of pigmentation is key to choosing the right treatment.

Types of Pigmentation

Solar Lentigines (Age Spots / Sun Spots)

Flat brown spots from cumulative UV exposure. Most common in fair-skinned individuals over 40. Location: face, hands, décolleté.

Melasma (Chloasma)

Symmetrical brown or greyish patches, often on the cheeks, forehead and upper lip. Triggered by hormones (pregnancy, contraceptive pill) plus UV. Challenging to treat — recurs without strict sun protection.

Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH)

Dark marks left after skin inflammation — acne, eczema, injuries. Common in darker skin types. Often fades with time and sun protection.

Freckles (Ephelides)

Genetic, UV-induced. Lighten in winter. Benign.

Treatment Methods

Treatment	Best For	Cost
Q-switched / Picosecond laser	Solar lentigines, freckles	€200–€500/session
IPL	Diffuse sun damage	€150–€400/session
Chemical peel (TCA)	Melasma, mild PIH	€200–€500
Hydroquinone / kojic acid cream	Melasma maintenance	€30–€100/month
Tranexamic acid (topical or oral)	Melasma	€30–€80/month

Prevention

Daily SPF 50+ is non-negotiable. Antioxidant serums (vitamin C) help prevent new pigmentation. Retinoids promote cell turnover and fade existing spots.